Many studies presented several PTT-based mathematical models for blood pressure estimation by different models, including logarithmic model, linear model, inverse square model, and inverse model. The PTT can also be estimated from two-channel PPG signals recorded from two different locations to calculate the time delay between both waveforms. PTT is determined by the time delay between the R-peak of the ECG signal and the time point of the maximum slope of the PPG waveform. PTT is frequently extracted from two-channel physiological signals, including electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG).
PTT represents the estimated propagation time of a pulse wave measured between two sites of the artery. Many groups have proposed methods based on pulse transition time (PTT) for continuous blood pressure monitoring.
Consequently, the non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring remains a significant clinical unmet need. On the other hand, the arterial cannula is a precise method to directly measure continuous blood pressure, but the arterial cannula method uses a catheter inserted into the blood vessel that could induce potential risk by such an invasive method. Therefore, a significant limitation of the cuff-based approach is the lack of continuous monitoring of adverse events for hypertensive patients. However, the cuff-based technique only provides one-shot data without continuous blood pressure information and causes inconvenience due to repeated cuff inflations. The auscultatory and oscillometric methods, which use the cuff sensor to detect systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), are the golden benchmark and commonly used in clinical diagnosis. The system is potentially suitable for continuous, long-term blood pressure-monitoring applications.īlood pressure measurement is an essential technique used in cardiovascular disease monitoring. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a low-cost, high-accuracy piezoelectric-based system for continuous beat-to-beat SBP and DBP measurement without multiple calibrations and complex regression analysis. The proposed system showed a reliable accuracy of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean absolute error (MAE) ± standard deviation (SD) 1.52 ± 0.30 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, MAE ± SD 1.83 ± 0.50), and its performance agreed with standard criteria of MAE within 5 mmHg and SD within ☘ mmHg. The pressure change in the radial artery was extracted by systolic and diastolic feature points in pressure pulse wave (PPW) and the pressure sensitivity of the sensor. This study aims to develop a low-cost wearable piezoelectric-based system for continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure measurement. However, the PTT-based methods for blood pressure estimation are limited by non-specific estimation models and require multiple calibrations. Recently, many groups have proposed the pulse transition time (PTT) method to estimate blood pressure for long-term monitoring. Non-invasive continuous blood pressure measurement is an emerging issue that potentially can be applied to cardiovascular disease monitoring and prediction.
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